II The 

§ ^ 

I Hartford Handbook '■ 

II For 

o o 

i New Citizens—and Old I 



O 


D 


O 


Issued by the 

Mayor*s Americanization Committee 
of Hartford, Connecticut 
1919 


[O] 


[OBOE 


[OBOOBOl 


[OBOl 


301 


































The 

Hartford Handbook 
For 

New Citizens—and Old 



GEORGE WASHINGTON 
Born Feb. 22, 1732 — Died Dec. 14, 1799 

''Knowledge is in every country the 
surest basis of public happiness” 

Washington’s First Inaugural Address, January /, 1790 


Issued by the 

Mayor^s Americanization Committee 
of Hartford, Conn, 

1919 











n.' of S). 

NOV 29 ) 9|9 



4 4 

• 4 • 



i 


INTRODUCTION 


T he story of the world for hundreds of years has been the 
story of the fight for FREEDOM. 

Every country has had its ruler who believed the right to 
rule came direct from God, and that the people had small say 
in whatever was done. England had its great house of Stuarts, 
—France had the Bourbons, Spain and Austria the Hapsburgs, 
Russia the Romanoffs, and Germany the Hohenzollerns. 

Every country has had its men of courage to defend the 
freedom of the people. In all ages, the men most honored are 
the leaders of the cause of Freedom, — William Tell, Hampton, 
Sobieski, LaFayette, Kossuth, Kosciusco, Garibaldi, WASH¬ 
INGTON, LINCOLN. 

As early as 1215, the nobles of England made their king 
sign the Magna Charta which limited his power. In 1640 when 
the Stuart ruler Charles I oppressed his people, he was tried and 
beheaded; James H, also an English Stuart, was driven from his 
country for the same reason. In 1791 the French threw down 
their Bourbons, and the last war has seen the end of the Roman¬ 
offs, Hapsburgs, and the Hohenzollerns. 

It has been hard for the kings to learn their lesson. 
America has been a teacher of freedom to the World. 
Its founders did not believe in kings; they founded a govern¬ 
ment in which the people ruled themselves. It started in 1789 
as a small nation consisting of thirteen states, and now those 
weak and struggling states lead the world. 

The old rulers of Europe, who have been cast out by their 
peoples tried to hold their power by force of arms. The power 
of America rests upon the intelligence of its citizens. 

The citizens of America come from all countries. From its 
beginning, men of all nations and beliefs have been welcomed. 
One of the complaints against the government of England in the 
Declaration of Independence of 1776 stated that its King, George 
HI “has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for 
that purpose obstructing the laws of Naturalization of foreign¬ 
ers ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither.'' 

America's strength has been renewed from the new blood 
and the fine spirit of the men and women have become a part 
of its life. 



OUR NATION — The United States of America 



THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON 
The Laws For the United States Are Made Here 


HISTORY 

Before the time of Columbus, voyagers had touched the 
shores of America. No settlements followed, and their discoveries 
remained unknown. 

To Christopher Columbus is given the honor of discovering 
America, and October 12 is set aside as Columbus Day in 
memory of his landing in 1492 on one of the islands of the West • 
Indies. 

Settlers came, — slowly at first, and then more and more 
rapidly, until in 1750 many colonies had been formed along the 
coast and river valleys. 

The St. Lawrence had been peopled by the French, and 
belonged to France; Florida was held by Spain; the English 
owned thirteen separate colonies along the coast, — While the 


Where Are the Laws Made for the United States? 
What is the Capital of the United States? 

Who Discovered America? 

Why is October 12th Celebrated? 

What European Nations Had Claims in America? 


4 











OUR NATION—The United States of America 


great region to the West of the Alleghany Mountains was forti¬ 
fied and claimed by France. 


The Thirteen English Colonies were: 


Massachusetts 
New Hampshire 
Rhode Island 
Connecticut 
New York 
New Jersey 

Georgia 


Delaware 
Pennsylvania 
Maryland 
Virginia 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 


The Colonies differed greatly in many ways. They had 
been settled by men of different nations for different reasons. 
They were engaged in different trades. Each colony regarded 
itself as a separate state, — as much as Holland and Belgium 
regard themselves as separate nations today. 

The Dutch had settled along the Hudson, Swedes along 
the Delaware, Huguenots in Georgia, Germans in Pennsylvania; 
Catholics were strong in Maryland, Congregationalists in New 
England, and the Church of England in Virginia. 

In the North, men were sailors and tradesmen: raised 
wheat or dealt in furs, lumber, rum. In the South, tobacco and 
cotton were the great crops. Slave labor was used throughout 
the South, while but few slaves were held in the North. 

The thirteen colonies were widely separated. Roads were 
poor, travel slow and difficult. It took longer to go from Hartford 
to Georgia than it does now to go to Siberia. News was hard to 
get; there were few schools, and few newspapers. 

The thirteen English colonies had many reasons to keep them 
apart, but they were drawn together because they were all 
surrounded by the rival French, and the enemy Indians. 

As early as 1754, an effort was made to unite the thirteen 
colonies. A meeting was held at Albany. Benjamin Franklin 
urged that they unite and presented a plan for union. Part of 
his plan was to raise money by taxation, for money would be 
necessary to defend the country. No colony would agree to be 
taxed by any power outside itself, and the plan was given up. 

In 1756 a seven years’ war began between England and 
France in Europe, in which the English were victors, and France 


How Many English Colonies in America? 

What Were the Occupations of Men in the North? in the South? 
What Helped to Keep the 13 English Colonies Apart? 

What Helped to Draw the 13 English Colonies Together? 

What Efforts Were Made to Unite the Colonies? 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


was no longer the greatest power in Europe. There was war in 
America also, between the English Colonies and the French. The 
great French fortress of Quebec was taken by General Wolfe in 
1759 and the power of France was at an end in America. The 
French with their Indian allies were beaten. 

The thirteen separate colonies had been obliged to fight 
together during this war. It was easier to get together for the 
next one. 

The war had cost England much money, and her debts must 
be paid. The English said that the colonies had benefited by 
the victory and should help pay. Taxes were placed on Colonial 
trade and industry. The colonies protested, but when one tax 
would be removed, another would be placed. 

The years 1763 to 1775 were filled with argument and mis¬ 
understanding between the colonies and the mother country 
because of taxes and trade. 

George III, King of England, was urged to yield by some of 
his advisors, by others to stand firm. He would not yield. 
Opinion in the colonies was also divided, but they also stood firm. 

In 1775, a Congress was held at Philadelphia to take action 
on the situation. When blood was shed at Lexington in Massa¬ 
chusetts early in 1775, between British regulars and New England 
farmers, there was but one action to take—war. George 
Washington of Virginia took command of the American troops 
on July 3, 1775, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed 
at Philadelphia, and the colonies declared themselves independent 
of England. This day is the birthday of the United States of 
America. 

It was necessary to fight for this independence which had 
been declared. The fighting lasted till the British surrendered 
at Yorktown in 1781, but it was not till 1783 that England signed 
the treaty of peace. 

During these years, Washington had been in command of 
the army, and the colonies governed by the ‘Continental 
Congress.’ Each state had one vote in this congress, and it 
required nine votes to act on matters of importance. On this 


What Broke the Power of France in America? 

Why Did England Tax the Colonies? 

Who Was King of England at the time of the Revolution? 

When Was the First Blood Shed in the Revolutionary War? 

Who Was the First Commander of the American Troops in the Revolutionary War? 
When Was the Declaration of Independence Signed? 

Why Do We Celebrate July 4, 1776? 


6 




OUR NATION—The United States of America 


account it was almost impossible to accomplish results. If times 
had been hard before the war, they were still harder after it. 

The great colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts and Pennsyl¬ 
vania were feared by the smaller ones. Quarrels arose, business 
stopped. The debts of the country must be paid, and there were 
no means of paying them. The men who lead in winning the war 
feared that the country would suffer more with independence 
than it had done under the rule of England. 

Virginia and Maryland had a dispute over the trade on the 
Potomac River which flowed between them. They agreed to 
discuss it and settle it by agreement. They decided to discuss 
other matters of interest also. They asked a few other states 
to join in the discussion, and Anally all states were asked to send 
delegates to discuss all matters of general interest to the Union. 
Unless this were done there would be thirteen small nations 
instead of one large one. 

This convention met at Philadelphia, May 25th, 1787. Dis¬ 
cussions were in secret. A constitution was prepared for the 
United States of America to govern the country, to be sent to the 
states for their agreement. The hardest question to settle in 
making the constitution was the relation between the large and 
powerful states like Virginia, and the small states such as Dela¬ 
ware and Connecticut. On the 17th of September, 1787, the 
work of the convention was finished, and was submitted to the 
states for approval. 

In December, 1787, three states signed; by June of 1788, the 
ninth state had agreed, and the Constitution was in force. On 
March 4, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office as 
President in the City of New York, and the government of our 
country under the constitution began. 

North Carolina and Rhode Island entered the Union after 
Washington had been inaugurated. 

Under the constitution, the thirteen quarreling states which 
at first made a weak nation, have now been changed into a power¬ 
ful country with 48 states,—the greatest and freest nation in the 
world, leader of democracy. 

The basis and the foundation of the United States is the 
Constitution. 

It is our Fundamental Law. Upon it, as a foundation, our 
country's laws are built. 


When Was the Peace Signed with England? 

What Was the Condition of the States After Peace Had Been Declared? 
When Did the Constitutional Convention Meet? 

Where Did the Constitutional Convention Meet? 

What Was the Most Difficult Question to Solve in Forming the Constitution? 
When Was the Constitution Put Into Operation? 


7 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


PLAN OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 


BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 

DIVISIONS OF I. II. III. 

GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE. EXECUTIVE. JUDICIAL. 


NATIONAL 
United States 
of America. 
Capitol at 
Washington. 

Congress. 

Senate. 

96 members. 

2 from Con¬ 
necticut. 
House of Rep¬ 
resentatives. 
43*5members. 
5 from Con¬ 
necticut. 

President 

Vice President 
Cabinet 

10 Secretaries 

United States 
Supreme Court 
Circuit Courts 
of Appeals 
District Courts 

STATE 

Connecticut. 
Capitol at 
Hartford. 

1 

General Assembly 
Senate. 

35 Districts. 

3 Senators in 
Hartford. 
House of Rep¬ 
resentatives. 

258 members. 
2 from Hart¬ 
ford. 

Governor 

Lieut. Governor 
with 

Officials Elected 
and 

Appointed 

1 

Supreme Court 
of Errors 

Superior Court 

COUNTY 

Hartford. 

County Seat 
at Hartford. 

Commissioners 

(three) 

Sheriff and 
Deputies 

Court of Common 
Pleas 

TOWN 

Hartford 

Selectmen 

(five) 


Probate Court 
(Seven Towns) 

CITY 

Hartford 

Aldermen. 

20 in number. 
2 from each 
ward. 

Mayor 

with Elected 
Officers and 
Appointed 
Commissioners 

City Court 

Police Court 


1. Legislative Branch makes the laws. 

2. Executive Branch executes the laws. 

3. Judicial Branch interprets the laws and tests them. 


Who Was the First President? 

What States Entered the Union After the Government Was Formed? 
How Many States in the Union at Present? 

What is the Constitution? 

What is the Foundation of the United States? 

What is the Fundamental Law of the United States? 


8 



























OUR N.ITION—The United States of ^Imerica 


We live in the City of Hartford, Town of Hartford, County of Hartford, 
State of Connecticut, United States of America. 

Each has its own Government. 

THE CONSTITUTION 

The founders of America gave six reasons for the Consti¬ 
tution : 

1— To make a more perfect Union. 

2— To establish justice. 

3— To insure domestic tranquility. 

4— To provide for the common defense. 

5— To promote the general welfare. 

6— To secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. 

We are their posterity. 

The fathers of America succeeded in their object, for the 
present strength of America is due to the strength of the foun¬ 
dation laid for it in the Constitution. 

The Constitution consists of 7 articles and 18 amendments: 

Article I —Dealing with Legislative or law-making powers 
(10 sections). 

Article II —Dealing with the executive power (4 secKons). 

Article III—Dealing with Judicial power (3 sections). 

Article IV —Dealing with relations to States (4 sections). 

Article V —Dealing with method of Amendment (1 section). 

Article VI —Dealing with power of the Constitution (1 section). 
Article VII—Stating that the Constitution becomes binding when 9 
States have agreed. 

There have been 18 amendments to the Constitution. 

SUMMARY OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I 

Section 1. Laws shall be made by Congress, consisting of Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section 2. House of Representatives shall be chosen every 2 years. 
Men may vote for Representatives who are allowed to vote for 
their State Representatives. 

A Representative must be 25 years old, and 7 years a citizen and 
an inhabitant of the State where chosen. 

Who Makes the Laws For the United States? 

What Are the Two Parts of Congress? 

How Often Are Representatives Chosen? 

How Old Must a Representative be? 

A Representative Must be a Citizen For How Long? 


9 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


The number of Representatives shall be in proportion to popu¬ 
lation, determined by Congress every 10 years. 

Section 3. The Senate shall be composed of two members from each 
State. They are now elected by the people (17th amend¬ 
ment). 

A Senator must be 30 years old, and 9 years a citizen. 

The Vice-President shall be President of the Senate. 

The Senate shall try impeachments. 

Section 4. Elections for Congress shall be held as the States may 
decide. 

Congress shall meet at least once a year, the first Monday in 
December. 

Section 5. Each House determines its own rules, keeps records, 
decides disputed elections. A majority shall be a quorum. 
Neither House shall adjourn for more than 3 days without 
the consent of the other. 

Section 6. Senators and Members of the House of Representatives 
shall be paid, shall be privileged from arrest during at¬ 
tendance, and shall not be questioned at any other place as 
to any speech made in Congress. 

No member shall be appointed to civil office created during his 
period of service and no person holding office under the 
United States shall be a Member of either House. 

Section 7. All bills for raising money shall originate in the House, 
but the Senate may amend. 

Every bill, having passed both the House and Senate shall be 
signed by the President before it becomes a law. If he 
does not sign, he returns the bill with his objections; if 
two-thirds agree to pass it, it is sent to the other House, 
and if two-thirds agree, it becomes a law. But if the 
President withholds his signature for 10 days after presen¬ 
tation of the bill to him, it nevertheless becomes a law. 

Section 8. Congress shall have power to: 

Lay and collect taxes. 

Borrow money on credit of the United States. 

Regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states. 
Establish uniform rules of Naturalization. 

Coin money. 

Establish post offices and post roads. 

Promote progress of science and useful arts. 

Declare war. 

Raise and support armies. 

Provide and maintain a navy. 

Provide for calling militia to execute laws of the Union. 

Section 9. Privilege of Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus¬ 
pended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion of public 
safety. 


What Determines the Number of Representatives? 
How Many Senators From Each State? 

How Are They Chosen? 

How Old Must a Senator Be? 

When Does a Bill Become a Law? 

What Are Some of the Powers That Congress Has? 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


No tax on articles exported from any state. 

No preference to commerce in port of one state over that of 
another. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States. 

No officer shall accept present, office or title from any King, 
Prince, or foreign state without consent of Congress. 

ARTICLE II 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States. 

He shall hold office for a term of four years. 

The President and Vice-President shall be chosen as follows: 

Each state shall appoint a number of electors, equal to the 
number of Senators and Representatives to which it 
is entitled in Congress. 

The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-President. 

They shall make distinct lists of each and the number of 
votes for each, which they shall send to the President 
of the Senate. 

The President of the Senate, in the presence of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives shall open the cer¬ 
tificates and the votes be counted. 

The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi¬ 
dent shall be President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed; if not, 
the House shall choose from the persons having the 
highest number of votes, not exceeding three on the 
list. (12th amendment). 

The President must be: 

1st—A natural born citizen. 

2nd—At least 35 years of age. 

3rd—A resident for 14 years within the United States. 

In case of removal or disability, the Vice-President takes his 
place. 

He shall receive a compensation—not to be increased during his 
term of office. 

He shall take an oath of office to “Preserve, protect and defend 
the Constitution of the United States.” 

Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States. 

He has power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against 
the United States — except in cases of impeachment. 


Who is the Chief Executive of the United States? 
How Long is His Term of Office? 

Can a Naturalized Citizen be President? 

How Old Must the President be? 

Who is Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy? 


11 



OUR NATION — The United States of America 


He has power to make treaties (by and with advice and consent 
of Senate, two-thirds concurring). 

He has power to appoint (with advice and consent of.Senate): 
1st—Ambassadors. 

2nd—Judges of the Federal Courts. 

3rd—All officers not herein otherwise provided for. 

To fill vacancies in such offices or positions occurring 
during recess of Senate. 

Section 3. He shall: 

1st—Give Congress information of state of the Union. 

2nd—Recommend such measures as he shall judge necessary. 

3rd—See that laws are faithfully executed. 

He may: Convene both Houses, or either; or adjourn them 
to such time as he thinks proper. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers shall be 
removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of 
treason, bribery or other high crimes or misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III 

Section 1. Judicial power shall be placed in the Supreme Court and 
such inferior courts as Congress may establish. 

Judges shall hold office during good behavior and shall receive pay. 

Section 2. Judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under this 
Constitution, laws of United States, and treaties made 
under their authority; all cases affecting ambassadors; dis¬ 
putes between two or more states; between a state and 
citizen of another state, citizens of different states. 

The trial of all crimes shall be by Jury, and in the state where 
the crime was committed. 

Section 3. Treason against the United States consists only in making 
war against them, or giving aid and comfort to their 
enemies. 

Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason. 

ARTICLE IV 

Section 1. Each state shall give full faith to the acts and records of 
another state. 

Section 2. Citizens of one state, in visiting or residing in another, 
shall be entitled to all the privileges of citizens in such 
other state. 

Section 3. New states may be admitted by Congress. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state a Re¬ 
publican form of government, and shall protect it from 


Who Makes the Treaties For the United States? 

How Are the Ambassadors and Judges of Federal Courts Chosen? 
Where is the Judicial Power of the Country? 

What Form of Government Has Each State? 

What is Treason Against the United States? 

Who Has Power to Declare Punishment for Treason? 


12 



OUR NATION — The United States of America 


invasion, and on application of the Legislature (or the 
Executive, when the Legislature cannot be called) against 
domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V 

Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, which shall be 
valid when ratified by Legislatures of three-fourths of the States. 

ARTICLE VI 

All debts entered into before the adoption of the Constitution shall 
be valid under this Constitution. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States, and all treaties 
made under authority of the United States shall be the supreme 
Laws of the Land, and the judges shall be bound notwith¬ 
standing the laws or Constitution of any State to the contrary. 

Senators and Representatives, members of the several state Legis¬ 
latures, all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several states, shall be bound by Oath or 
Affirmation to support this Constitution. No religious test shall 
ever be required as a qualification to any office under the United 
States. 


ARTICLE VII 

The ratification of 9 states shall be sufficient for the establishment of 
this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. 

IMPORTANT POINTS OF THE UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT 

The Constitution is our fundamental law. 

It establishes a government having three parts: 

I—Legislative 

II—Executive 

III—Judicial 

1. THE LEGISLATIVE, which makes the laws. 

Congress is the legislative body. 

It consists of two parts: 

The Senate of the United States, 

The House of Representatives. 


By What Vote May the Constitution be Amended? 

The Consent of How Many States is Necessary to Amend the Constitution? 
What is the Fundamental Law of Our Country? 

What Are the Three Parts of Our Government? 

What Does the Legislative Part Do? 


1.3 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


The Senate has two members from each state, no matter 
how large or how small the state may be. 

Senators are elected by the people every six years. 

(17th Amendment) 

To be a Senator, a man must be at least 30 years 
old, and a citizen for at least 9 years. 

Senators receive $7500 a year from the government. 

The House of Representatives has 4£ 5 members. 

The number from each state depends upon its pop¬ 
ulation. 

The population is taken by the Government every 
10 years, 1910, 1920, etc., in the census. 

Any man over 25 years of age, and 7 years a citizen 
may be a Representative in Congress. 

At present there is one Representative for about 
211,000 population. 

Representatives are elected every two years. 
The state of Connecticut has 5 Representatives in 
the House. New York state has 43. 

The 66th Congress begins the first Monday in 
December, 1919. 

When an Act has been passed by both the House of Representa¬ 
tives and the Senate, and has been signed by the Presi¬ 
dent, it becomes a Law. 

If the question is raised that the Act is against the Constitu¬ 
tion, it must be settled by the Supreme Court. 

If the Court decides in favor of the Act, it is a law; if it de-^ 
cides that it is not constitutional, the law becomes void. 
If the country wishes to reenact similar legislation, it 
must, if possible, change the Act. Failing in this, the 
Constitution itself may be changed. 

The Income Tax was passed and declared uncon¬ 
stitutional. 

The Constitution was then amended, (16th Amend¬ 
ment), so as to make an income tax legal. 

To amend the Constitution requires first a favorable vote 
by two-thirds of each house of Congress, and then a 
favorable vote by three-fourths of all the states. 

How Often Are the Senators Elected? 

How Many Senators From the State of Connecticut; from New York? 

How Often is the Census Taken? 

How Many Representatives From the State of Connecticut? 

For What Population Does One Representative Serve? 

For How Many Years is Congress in Session? 

What Body Determines Whether a Law is Constitutional? 


14 



OUR NATION — The United States of America 


There are 18 amendments to the Constitution: 

The 13th abolishes slavery; adopted July, 1865; 

The 16th permits a tax on incomes; adopted Feb¬ 
ruary, 1913. 

The 17th gives the election of U. S. Senators to the 
people, the same as the Representatives; 
adopted May, 1913. 

The 18th prohibits the sale and manufacture of 
alcoholic liquors. 

The first 10 amendments were prepared and adopted at the 
first session of Congress in New York City, 1789. They 
are designed to secure freedom in speech, in religion, 
and personal security. 

II. THE EXECUTIVE, which enforces the law. 

The President is the chief executive officer. 

The President is elected for four years, 1916, 1920, 
etc. 

Only a man born in the United States may be 
President. 

The President must be at least 35 years old. 

He takes his office March 4th after his election. 

He receives $75,000 a year from the Government. 

The President is Commander-in^Chief of the Army 
and Navy. 

The Vice-President is elected at the same time as the 
President. 

The Vice-President presides over the Senate. 

He receives $12,000 a year from the Government. 

The Cabinet assists the President with the executive work. 

The offices of the Cabinet are created by act of 
Congress and not by the Constitution. 

When Were the First Ten Amendments Adopted? 

How Many Amendments to the Constitution? 

What Are Some of the Amendments? 

When Does the President Begin His Term of Office? 

Who Presides Over the Senate? 

What is the Cabinet? 


15 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


There are ten members called Secretaries : 

STATE NAVY 

TREASURY INTERIOR 

WAR AGRICULTURE 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL COMMERCE 

POSTMASTER-GENERAL LABOR 

In case of death of both President and Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, the Secretary of State takes the presi¬ 
dency. 

Members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Pres¬ 
ident with the approval of the Senate. 

Each member receives $12,000 a year from the 
Government. 

III. THE JUDICIAL, which tests the laws, and interprets them 
when there is doubt, or when question is raised. 

The United States Supreme Court is the final authority in 
all matters of law. 

It sits at Washington. 

It is composed of nine members, the Chief Justice 
and eight associate justices, appointed for life 
by the President, with approval of the Senate. 

The Supreme Court has the power to decide whether 
a law passed by Congress is within its power 
given by the Constitution. If the decision is 
negative, the law has no effect. 

The United States Circuit Court of Appeals. 

There are nine circuits covering the whole country. 

One associate justice is assigned to each circuit. 

Connecticut is in the second circuit, made up of: 
New York 
Connecticut 
Vermont 

There are four judges for the second circuit. 

Sessions held in New York. 

United States Court of Claims. 


How Many Secretaries in the Cabinet? 

Who Takes the Place of the President in Case He Dies? 

Who Acts as President if both President and Vice-President Die ? 
What Court is Final in all Matters of Law? 

Where Does the Supreme Court Sit? 


16 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


United States District Court. 

One judge is appointed for the district. 

Connecticut forms one district. 

Sessions are held in Hartford twice yearly, 
twice in New Haven. 

Monthly hearings for Naturalization. 

Sessions are held in the Post-Office Building. 

THE FATHERS OF OUR COUNTRY. 

Of the men who helped to make our country, the six who did 

the most were: 

Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, who, as early as 1754, urged 
that the colonists unite; who succeeded in securing assist¬ 
ance from France when the country most needed help. 

Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, who, before the Revolution, 
succeeded in getting the colonies to act together in 1775. 

George Washington of Virginia, who took command of the army 
in 1775, was in command throughout the war; Chairman of 
the Convention that adopted the Constitution; elected the 
first President in 1788, and reelected in 1792. 

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, who wrote the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence; was elected President in 1800, and again in 1804. 
Leader of Democracy. 

James Madison of Virginia, who urged the Constitutional Con¬ 
vention in 1787; elected President in 1808, and again in 1812. 

Alexander Hamilton of New York, who was the first Secretary of 
the Treasury; who brought back credit to the country, and 
through the ‘Federalist succeeded in having the Constitution 
adopted in New York State and others. 

The Declaration of Independence states “We hold these truths 
to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and that 
all are endowed l3y their creator with certain unalienable 
rights, and that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit 
of happiness.” 

What United States Court Meets in Hartford? 

In What Building: Does the United States District Court Meet? 

Who Secured Help From France at the Time of the Revolution? 

Who Succeeded in Getting the Colonies to Act Together in 1775? 

Who Was the First Commander of the American Army? 

Who Was Chairman of the Constitutional Convention? 

Who Wrote the Declaration of Independence? 

Who Was the First Secretary of the Treasury? 


17 




OUR NATION —The United States of America 



POST OFFICE BUILDING, STATE STREET 
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
NATURALIZATION HEADQUARTERS 

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN HARTFORD. 

The resident of Hartford comes in contact with the Federal 

Government: 

1. Through the Treasury Department: 

In the use of money—all money is issued or authorized by 
the Federal Government. 

In the payment of all Income and War Taxes. 

In the payment of Internal Revenue Taxes—tobacco, liquors, 
playing cards, etc. 

In the payment of Customs—Customs office in the Post 
Office Building. 

Special activities of Liberty Loans and War Saving Stamps. 

2. Through the Department of Labor: 

United States Employment Bureau, 8 Ford street. 

Naturalization of New Citizens, Room 316, Post Office 
Building. 


18 








OUR NATION—The United States of America 


3. Through the Department of Commerce: 

In taking the census every ten years. 

In the navigation of the Connecticut River; buoys and 
guides for pilots. 

In licensing, numbering and regulating of all boats for trade 
and pleasure. 

(Post Office Building) 

4. Through the Department of Agriculture: 

The Weather Bureau—Kiosk corner Main and State Streets. 

Office and Reporting Station, 36 Pearl Street. 

Federal Inspector of Meats, 501 Asylum Avenue. 

The Hartford County Farm Bureau, 308 Church Street. 

Operated in co-operation with State Agricultural College 
and the County Commissioners. 

5. Through the Department of Justice: 

Bureau of Investigation, Post Office Building. 

Enquiring into violations of all Federal laws not defi¬ 
nitely given to other departments, such as 
Impersonating government officer. 

Interstate shipments. 

White slave traffic. 

United States District Attorney’s Office. 

United States Marshal’s Office. 

6. Through the Navy Department: 

Inspector of Naval Material for Connecticut and Southern 
Massachusetts. Office 36 Pearl Street. 

Offices for Enlistment in Navy, 300 Asylum Street. 
Recruiting Station U. S. Marine Corps, 756 Main Street. 


19 



OUR NATION—The United States of America 


7. Through the Post Office Department: 

Mails, money orders, postal sav¬ 
ings, registration of mails. 

Main office in the Post Office 
Building. 26 sub-stations at 
convenient locations in the 
city, chiefly in drug stores; 

Station A, East Hartford 
and West Hartford. 

8. Through the War Department: 

All matters relating to registra¬ 
tion, draft, movements of 
men for war purposes. 

Among the governments of the world, the United States 

ranks 

In Area, third, if all colonial possessions are included : 

1. Great Britain, 13,150,000 sq. miles. 

2. France, 4,977,000 sq. miles. 

3. United States, 3,725,000 sq. miles. 

In Population it is also third, if all the great colonies of Great 
Britain are included: (Russia 190,000,000 before divided). 

1. British Empire, 437,900,000 

2. China, 320,000,000 

3. United States, 113,000,000 

In Wealth the United States is first: 

1. United States, $187,739,000,000 

2. Great Britain, $ 67,000,000,000 

3. France, $ 55,000,000,000 

(From figures in the World’s Almanac, based on official 
estimates, p.449). 

In Men, the United States ranks with the greatest: 

Patriots; Washington, Lincoln. 

Inventors; S. F. B. Morse, John Fitch, McCormack, Whitney, 
Edison, Bell, Wright. 

Writers; Hawthorne, Lowell, Whitman, Longfellow, Samuel 
L. Clemens (Mark Twain). 



IN THE SERVICE 
OF UNCLE SAM 


20 



OUR NATION — The United States of America 


And in the uncounted thousands of men and women of intelligence 
and ability in all professions and industries who are making progress in all 
fields of action; whose work is most valuable, but whose names, with few 
exceptions, remain unknown to the general public. 

The United States invites all men to become citizens, and 
depends upon their intelligence and understanding for its rank 
in the world. 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
Born Feb. 12, 1809; Died April 15, 1865 
“With malice toward none; with charity for all — * * let us strive to do all which 
may achieve and cherish a just and lasting: peace among ourselves and with all nations.” 

2nd Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865. 


The Flag 

The flag of America contains thirteen stripes, seven red and 
six white, representing the thirteen original states, with a field 
of blue on which is one star for each state of the Union, now 48, 
and 1 will be added for each new state added to the Union. 

The flag was made for Washington in Philadelphia by 
Betsey Ross, and adopted by the Continental Congress, June 14, 
1777, celebrated as “Flag Day” throughout the country. 

How Many Stripes in the American Flag? 

What Do They Represent? 

How Many Stars in the American Flag? 

What Do These Represent? 

When is Flag Day? 


21 





OUR NATION—The United States of America 


The Seal 

The great seal of the United States is placed upon all papers 
of state signed by its President. 

It was adopted in 1782 and consists of a shield with 13 stripes 
upon the breast of an Eagle, which holds an olive branch in the 
right claw, and 13 arrows in the left, with a scroll in its mouth 
“E Pluribus Unum,’'—one, out of many. A crest above the Eagle 
has 13 stars on an azure field. 

Every citizen has 

Rights, which he claims from the government; protec¬ 
tion of his life and welfare, and 

Obligations, which the government claims from him; 
protection of its life and welfare. 

No man can claim rights without owing obligations. 

No state should demand obligations without granting rights. 


STATE OF CONNECTICUT 
HISTORY 

It is necessary to remember that our great nation began as 
thirteen separate, struggling states. It is also necessary to 
remember that the State of Connecticut began with several 
struggling settlements planted in the wilderness, and at con¬ 
siderable distances from each other. 

The towns on the upper part of the Connecticut River, 
Windsor, Wethersfield and Hartford,—formed one colony, adding 
other towns as they were settled. They were known as the 
Connecticut Colony. Other towns along the Sound centered 
around New Haven, and were called the New Haven Colony. The 
two colonies differed somewhat in government and ideas. They 
were separated by the wilderness. 

Both had troubles with the Dutch traders and with the 
Indians. As these troubles increased, they joined with the two 
colonies of Massachusetts in 1643 and formed the League of 
New England. Both colonies in Connecticut had a legislative 
body called a General Court. Town meetings were held in the 


What Towns Were Formed on the Upper Part of the Connecticut River? 
When Was New Haven Joined to the Connecticut Colony? 

With What State Did Connecticut Dispute Reg:arding Lands? 


22 



OUR STATE — Connecticut 



THE STATE CAPITOL — HARTFORD, CONN. 

The Laws of Connecticut Are Made Here 
The Governor’s Office, and the Heads of State Departments are in the Buildinsr 

churches and the clergy were natural leaders. It was in these 
town meetings that the men of New England learned self-gov¬ 
ernment by practicing it, and the practice was most valuable in 
the dark days after the War of the Revolution. 

In 1662 a Charter was given to Connecticut by Charles II 
which took in New Haven as well as the River towns, and even 
extended as far as the Mississippi. If it had been desirable to 
keep this land, the city of Cleveland would now be in the state 
of Connecticut. With the new land, disputes arose. The men 
of New Haven were not pleased at being joined to the River 
towns, and to satisfy them, in 1701, it was decided that the 
General Assembly should meet one year at Hartford and the 
next at New Haven, and so two capitals were established for the 
State of Connecticut. This plan lasted 172 years, till 1873, when 
Hartford was made the only capital. 

Dispute arose with Pennsylvania over the lands settled by 
the Connecticut colonists in the Wyoming Valley. Other colonies 
also had disputes with one another over the same question, and 
in 1786 all agreed to give Congress the right to hold the Western 

What Did Connecticut do with Its Western Property? 

Who Were Some of the Early Heroes of Connecticut? 

For How Long Was Connecticut Governed by its Old Constitution? 

Who Represented Connecticut at the Constitutional Convention ? 

How Does Connecticut Rank in Area Among the States? 


23 










OUR STATE — Connecticut 


territory. Connecticut reserved 3,300,000 acres which she after¬ 
wards sold, giving the money to the schools of the state. 

Connecticut did her full part in the wars before the Revolu¬ 
tion, and even more than her part in the War of the Revolution. 
Israel Putnam led men of Connecticut at Bunker Hill in 1775 
against the English, and Nathan Hale gave his life in the service 
of the country in 1776. The names of both these men stand for 
loyalty and service typical of the state, and are the first among 
Connecticut's heroes. 

The greatest help was given to the Nation by Connecticut 
in helping to solve the most difficult question that arose in 
framing the Constitution of the United States. The dispute be¬ 
tween the large and the small states was settled by adopting the 
Connecticut plan, which gave the states equal power in the 
Senate, but representation by numbers in the House. 

Until 1818 Connecticut was governed by the old Constitution 
given in the charter of 1662. A new one was then formed Which 
is now in force. 

In the early days the men of the state raised wheat, fiax, 
wool, and dealt in lumber and timber. Manufactures were few. 
With the invention of steam and electricity Connecticut has be¬ 
come one of the greatest manufacturing states in the Union. 
There are 3,500 plants, employing more than 200,000 men. In¬ 
surance, both fire and life, comes next in importance, then the 
Public Utilities,—telephone and trolleys,—and then agriculture. 

When the Declaration of Independence was signed, Connect¬ 
icut was represented by Roger Sherman, Oliver Wolcott, Samuel 
Huntington, and William Williams. In 1787 the state was rep¬ 
resented by Oliver Ellsworth, Roger Sherman and William Samuel 
Johnson at the Constitutional Convention. 

Yale University at New Haven is one of the greatest and 
most famous of all American institutions of learning. Hartford 
has Trinity College, and Middletown is the location of Wesleyan. 
Connecticut College for Women is at New London. 

In area, Connecticut is one of the smallest states in the 
Union. Only Delaware and Rhode Island are smaller. It has. 
5,004 square miles. It is 46th in size among the 48 states. 

How Does Connecticut Rank in Population Among: the States? 

What Three Parts to the Government of the State of Connecticut? 

What Body Makes the Laws for the State? 

What Two Parts to the State Legislature? 

How Many Members of the State Senate? 

How Many State Senators from Hartford? 

How Long do the State Senators Serve? 

What Determines the Number of Representatives in Connecticut? 


24 



OUR STATE — Connecticut 


In population Connecticut ranks 31st. It contains 1,286,000 
(estimate 1918). In 1790 it had 240,000, and then ranked eighth 
of the thirteen colonies. 

In proportion to its size, however, it is one of the most 
densely settled. 

Rhode Island contains 508 to the acre. 

Massachusetts contains 418 to the acre. 

New Jersey contains 337 to the acre. 

Connecticut contains 231 to the acre. 

In value of its property Connecticut ranks 21st among the 
States. It was 11th among the States in 1918 in amount paid to 
the United States Government for internal revenue receipts. 

GOVERNMENT 

The Constitution of Connecticut gives a government 
similar in form as that of the United States. 

1. LEGISLATIVE; which makes the laws. 

The General Assembly is the legislative body. 

It consists of two parts. 

The Senate. 

The House of Representatives. 

THE SENATE contains 35 members elected by the people in the 
35 districts of the State. 

There are 3 Senatorial districts in Hartford. 

1st District, Wards 8, 9, 10 
2nd District, Wards 3, 4, 5, 6 
3rd District, Wards 1, 2, 7 

Hartford has three members in the Senate. 

The State Senators are elected every two years. 

Senators receive $300 for the term from the State. 

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES contains 258 members. 
They are elected by the people from each town. 

The number does not depend upon the population. 

The Town is the unit of representation in Connecticut. This has 
been so from early Colonial days. 


How Many Counties in Connecticut? 

Who is the Chief Executive of the State? 

Who is Commander of the Militia of the State? 
What are the Chief Duties of the Governor? 

Who is President of the Senate of the State? 


25 



OUR STATE — Connecticut 


No. of 

County No. of Towns Representatives 

Hartford . 29 45 

New Haven . 26 39 

New London . 21 30 

Fairfield . 23 34 

Windham . 15 24 

Litchfield . 26 42 

Middlesex . 15 22 

Tolland . 13 22 


168 258 

11. EXECUTIVE, which enforces the laws of the state. 

GOVERNOR 

the chief executive officer of the State. 

The governor is elected for a term of two years by the voters 
of the state. 

The governor is addressed as “Your Excellency.” 

The duties of the governor are, — 

To see that the laws are faithfully carried out. 

To nominate to the General Assembly the Judges of the 
Supreme and Superior Courts. 

To appoint with consent of the Senate, Commissioners of 
Insurance, Bank, Agriculture, Charities, Labor Statistics 
and of other similar departments. 

The governor is commander of the militia of the State. 

He has power to veto the bills of the Assembly. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR 
He is president of the Senate. 

In case of absence or disability of the Governor he takes the 
place of the chief executive. 

He is elected for two years. 

SECRETARY OF STATE 
Elected by the people for two years. 

Cares for all records and documents of the State. 

Keeper of the seal of the State, — attests all commissions issued 
in the name of the State. 

STATE TREASURER 

Elected for two years by the people. 

Cares for all state money. 


How Many Towns in Connecticut? 

How Many Representatives in the General Assembly? 

Who is the Chief Executive of the State? 

What Important Appointments are made by the Governor? 
For How Long is the Governor Elected? 


26 













OUR STATE — Connecticut 


THE COMPTROLLER 

Elected for two years by the people. 

Adjusts and settles all public accounts. 

Examines collection of state taxes. 

Brings suits for recovery of money and property of the state. 
Has charge of state printing; of the capitol and grounds. 
Submits plans and estimates for public expenditures and funds. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL 
Elected for four years by the people. 

Supervises all legal matters of state interest. 

Represents the State in all suits and legal proceedings. 

Gives his legal opinion on all points of law submitted to him by 
State officials. 

To care for the many activities of the State, the Governor 
and the Legislature appoint Officers and Commissions. 

Appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, — 

Insurance Commissioner, . 4 years 

Bank Commissioner, . 4 years 

Highway Commissioner. 4 years 

Commissioner of Labor and Factory Inspection, 4 years 

Tax Commissioner,. 4 years 

and many other Commissioners and Board Members 

Appointed by the Governor, — 

State Board of Fisheries and Game, 8 members, 4 years 
Dairy and Food Commissioner, 4 years 

State Board of Education, 7 members (including Governor and 
Lieutenant Governor), term four years. 

4 elected by Assembly 
1 appointed by Governor with Senate. 

and many other Boards and Commissioners 

Appointed by the General Assembly on nomination of Governor,— 
Public Utilities Commission, 3 members, 6 years 
Judges. Boards and Commissions for varying terms. 

There are 53 Boards and Commissions 


Who Cares for the Funds of the State? 

How are the Various State Activities Managed? 

Who Appoints the Members of the Various Commissions ahd Boards of the State? 


27 







OUR STATE — Connecticut 


III. JUDICIAL. 

A. Supreme Court of Errors. 

This court is the highest State Court. 

It consists of the Chief Justice and four Associate 
Judges. 

They are confirmed by the General Assembly on nomi¬ 
nation of the Governor. 

The term of each is eight years. 

There are three judicial districts in the state. 

First Judicial District comprises: 

Hartford County 
Litchfield County 
Windham County 
Middlesex County 
Tolland County 

The Court meets at Hartford on the first Tuesday in 
January, March, May, October. 

It is the final court of appeal on questions upon which lower 
courts have given judgment. 

Five judges are present at hearings. Majority decides. 

Sessions are held in the State Library and Supreme Court 
Building. 



STATE LIBRARY AND SUPREME COURT BUILDING 


What is the Highest Court in the State? 
How Are Its Judges Appointed? 

What is the Term of the Chief Justice? 
Where Are the Sessions Held? 


28 














OUR STATE — Connecticut 


B. Superior Court. 

Consists of eleven judges confirmed by the General 
Assembly on nomination of the Governor, for a term 
of eight years. 

The different judges are assigned to the counties of the 
state, to hold sessions for criminal and civil cases, and 
appeals from lower courts. 

Sessions are held in the County Building at 225 Trum¬ 
bull Street. 



THE STATE ARMORY 


MILITARY OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT 

Commander in Chief and Captain General, — His Excellency, 
the Governor. 

Personal Staff. 

Naval Aide. 

Aides de Camp. 

Staff. 

Adjutant General. Surgeon General. 

Judge Advocate General. Commissary General. 

Quartermaster General. Paymaster General. 

Governor’s Guards. 

First Company Governor’s Foot Guards. Hartford. 
Chartered 1771. 

Second Company Governor’s Foot Guards. New Haven. 
Chartered 1775. 


What is the Militia of the State of Connecticut? 
What are the Chief Sources of Income of the State? 
What is the Purpose of the Seal of State? 

What is the Flag of the State of Connecticut ? 


29 









OUR STATE — Connecticut 


Connecticut National Guard. 

All organizations known as National Guard, now in ser¬ 
vice of the United States. 

Active Militia. 

Home Guard. 

Connecticut State Guard, — 10,000 men. 

Connecticut State Guard Reserves. 

Organization made by the Military Emergency Board to 
meet the needs during the Great War. 

Office at the State Armory, Hartford. 

FINANCES. 


In 1917 the income of the State was.$15,387,000 

Expenses . 10,212,000 

The leading sources of income were, — 

Net Income Corporation tax. 3,255,000 

State Tax. 1,700,000 

Steam Railroads.-. 1,680,000 

Automobile tax. 1,050,000 

Inheritance tax... 1,050,000 


The Seal of the State is 
placed on all official documents. 
It represents three grape vines 
symbolizing the three original 
towns, bearing the State motto, 
“Qui transtulit, sustineC^ mean¬ 
ing, “He who transplanted still 
cares for^\ 

The Flag of the State is the 
seal set in the center of a field 
of blue. 



THE GREAT SEAL OF CONNECTICUT 


How Are the Judges of the Superior Court Chosen? 
For How Long a Term do They Serve? 

Where Are Its Sessions Held? 

What Cases are Taken Before This Court? 


30 










OUR COUNTY — Hartford 


COUNTY OF HARTFORD. 



MAP OF CONNECTICUT SHOWING THE EIGHT COUNTIES 


There are now eight counties in Connecticut: 


Founded 


Hartford 

1666 

New Haven 

1666 

New London 

1666 

Fairfield 

1666 


Founded 


Windham 1726 

Litchfield 1751 

Middlesex 1785 

Tolland 1785 


Hartford County is one of the original four counties organ¬ 
ized in 1666. The other four have been formed from them as the 
settlers spread further into the new country. 

In Hartford County there are: 

29 Towns, and in them 
3 Cities, 

Hartford in the town of Hartford 
New Britain in the town of New Britain 
Bristol in the town of Bristol 

2 Boroughs 

Southington in the town of Southington 
Farmington in the town of Farmington 


How Many Original Counties in the State of Connecticut? 
What Were the Four Original Counties? 

When Was the Last County Founded? 

How Many Towns in Hartford County? 

How Many Cities in Hartford County? 


31 


















OUR COUNTY — Hartford 


All of the official business for the county is done at the 
County Building on Trumbull Street in the City of Hartford. 

The chief business of the county government is: 

1. To see that justice is done through the courts. 

2. To see that dependent and neglected children are 
cared for. 

3. To look after the prisoners in the county jail. 

4. To test the weights and measures used in trade and 
guarantee that they are correct. 

5. To look into cases of sudden or strange death, and 
investigate when necessary. 

6. To enforce the laws for protecting fish and game. 
The County Farm Bureau is managed by an Executive 

Committee elected by the farmers of the County. The work is 
conducted in cooperation with the County Commissioners, the 
State Agricultural College and the United States Department of 
Agriculture. 

How Many Boroughs in Hartford County? 

Where is the Official Business for the County Transacted? 

What is the Chief Business of the County Government? 

What is the Management of the County Farm Bureau? 



COUNTY BUILDING —TRUMBULL STREET 


32 















OUR COUNTY —Hartford 


OFFICERS. 

Sheriff. Elected by the people for four years in November. 
It is his duty to keep order. He may call in men to help him if 
necessary to stop a disturbance or to catch a criminal. He has 
charge of the county jail, makes arrests, summons witnesses, 
carries out judgments of the courts. 

County Commissioners. Three in number, appointed by the 
General Assembly for three years. They have charge of all 
county property, grant licenses for sale of liquor. 

Coroner. Appointed for three years by the judges of the 
Superior Court. It is his duty to investigate the cases of deaths, 
and, when required, to call a jury of six men, “coroner's jury”, 
to investigate and decide whether a crime has been committed 
in connection with a death. 

In addition to these officers there are: 

County Treasurer, appointed by the Commissioners for two 
years. 

Sealer of Weights and Measures, appointed for five years by 
the Commissioners. 

A State's Attorney, appointed for two years by the Judges 
of the Superior Court. 

Prosecuting Agent, appointed by Commissioners, to inquire 
into violations of the liquor law. 

County Health Officer, appointed by Judges of the Superior 
Court for a term of four years. 

Fish and Game Warden, appointed by the State Commis¬ 
sioner of Fisheries and Game, every two years. 

County Agricultural Agent, appointed by the Hartford 
County Farm Bureau. 

Legislative. There is no law-making body for the counties of 

Connecticut. 

Judicial. Court of Common Pleas. 

This is the “County Court''. 

Its sessions are held in the County Building, corner of 
Trumbull and Allyn Streets. 


What Are the Duties of the Sheriff? 

What are the Chief Duties of the County Commissioners? 
What is Meant by a “Coroner’s Jury?” 

Is There a Law Making Body for the County of Hartford? 
Where Are the Sessions of the Court of Common Pleas Held? 


33 



OUR COUNTY — Hartford 


Judge and Associate Judge are appointed by the General 
Assembly, on nomination by the Governor, for a 
term of four years. 

The term opens on the first Tuesday of September. 

The court deals with civil cases in which the amount 
involved is less than $1,000 and over $100. 

Probate Court. Judge elected in November for a term of 
two years. 

Constituted a County Court, May, 1666. 

In Hartford County there are 20 probate courts. 

The Hartford District includes the towns of Hartford, 
Bloomfield, Glastonbury, Newington, Rocky Hill, 
West Hartford, Wethersfield, Windsor Locks. 
Sessions are held in the Municipal Building, Hartford. 

Buildings. The County Home for Children is located at Ware¬ 
house Point. 

The County Jail is at 42 Seyms Street, Hartford. 

The County Building for Court and County Officers is at the 
corner of Trumbull and Allyn Streets, Hartford. 

Expenses. The expenses of the County are met by a tax levied 
by the Senators and Representatives of the County at a 
meeting held for the purpose during the session of the 
Legislature. 



MAP OF HARTFORD COUNTY 
SHOWING THE 29 TOWNS 


34 













OUR TOWN— Hartford 


THE TOWN OF HARTFORD. 

The New England town meeting has done more to make and 
to keep democracy in America than any other one institution. 

Since the days of the earliest settler, the men of the towns 
have come together to make laws and do business for themselves. 
It was this practical training in democracy that helped the coun¬ 
try go through the hard times of the Revolution. 

There are 168 towns in the State of Connecticut. 

They are irregular in shape, and differ in size. 

Derby is smallest, with 3293 acres. 

New Milford is largest with over 40,000 acres. 

They differ in population. 

Marlborough has but 302. 

Bridgeport has 200,000. 

Some have grown rapidly larger since 1790, some smaller: 

In 1770 Hartford had 5031, and now has 150,000. 

In 1770 Farmington had 6069, and now has 3478. 

Government for the country districts is as necessary as it is 
for the cities. Questions of roads and schools must be decided, 
peace and justice be maintained. A form of government suited 
for the crowded city does not fit the country districts. 

Hartford was made a city in 1784, and formed a small part 
of the whole town. In 1896 it had grown so far that the Legis¬ 
lature made the boundary of the city the same as that of the 
town. In doing this the old town meeting was given up, and the 
government of the town changed into that of the city. In Hart¬ 
ford there are still parts of the old town government. This is 
true in all cities of the state which have grown so as to include 
the town. 

There are 29 towns in Hartford County. 

Each town has at least one Representative in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives; 16 towns in Hartford County have 2. 

The Town Government in Hartford continues in the election of 

the following officers: 

Selectmen. Five in number, whose chief duties are to make 
and enroll voters, and the important matter of deciding on all 
questions of boundaries or dividing lines between landed prop¬ 
erties. Term of office, two years. 

Of What Importance is the New England Town Meeting? 

How Many Towns in the State of Connecticut? 

To What Extent are These Towns Uniform in Population and Size? 

When was the City of Hartford Enlarged so as to Include the Area of the Whole Town? 

When Was Hartford Made a City? 

What Representation Have the Towns in Hartford County? 

Who are the Chief Officers of the Town Government? 


35 




OUR TOWN —Hartford 


Town Clerk, also the City Clerk, who keeps a record of all 
business done at town meetings, and records deeds, mortgages, 
and legal documents. Term, two years. 

Assessors. Three in number. They prepare a list of all 
who are to pay taxes, and also the amount each should be taxed. 
Term, three years. 

Constables. Seven in number, who serve warrants, summon 
jurors, and may be called upon to arrest criminals. Term, four 
years. 

Grand Jurors. Six in number. Term, one year. 

Board of Education. Nine in number. They care for the 
education of the town, elect the Superintendent, adopt text books, 
decide on the length of the terms, conduct manual training and 
the Evening Schools. Three elected each year. 

High School Committee. Five in number, who manage the 
High School, employ and pay all teachers. Term, one year. 

Registrars of Electors. Two in number, representing each 
of the majority parties, who enroll the names of voters, and 
only those who are enrolled are allowed to vote. 

THE CITY OF HARTFORD. 



OLD STATE HOUSE 

Built 1796; Transferred to City of Hartford 1879 
Used as City Hall Until Completion of New Municipal Building, 1915 


What are the Duties of the Selectmen? 

How are the Town Officials Chosen? 

Who Selects the Superintendent of Education? 

What Body Conducts the Evening Schools of the City? 

Who is Responsible for the Employment and Pay of the School Teachers? 
Who Enrolls the Names of the Voters? 


36 






OUR CITY —Hartford 


HISTORY 

Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor were settled in 1636. 

Three Massachusetts towns moved to the Connecticut re¬ 
gion, but NOT as towns. The little settlements were known as 
“Plantations’" and handled their affairs, not as organized towns, 
but as communities. 

The inhabitants soon started what they called a “General 
Court”, or meetings of representatives from the little com¬ 
munities, and in 1639, three years after the original settlement 
they adopted at a general meeting, what is known as “General 
Orders” which was the first written constitution known among 
men. 


It was drawn by Roger Ludlow, of Windsor, but based on 
the ideas of Thomas Hooker, minister and leader of the Hart¬ 
ford Settlement. A few months before. Hooker preached his 
famous “Election Sermon”, in which he outlined the principles 
that 

Authority to rule comes from the people; 

There should be no taxation without representation; 

Representation should be in reasonable proportion to the 
population; 

The right to vote should be given to all who take the oath 
of fidelity, whether church members or not. (Whereas 
in the New Haven Colony the vote was given only to 
church members). 

The real reason that men came to Connecticut was not the 
fact they were dissatisfied with church control in Massachusetts; 
they came to take advantage of the “Warwick Grant” of land 
owned by Lord Say & Sele, and Lord Brook. 

These Noblemen had sent to Massachusetts Bay young John 
Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, with a schooner 
loaded with provisions, and but two passengers, young Winthrop 
and Fenwick. Fenwick was sent with the schooner to Saybrook 
in the Fall of 1635. Winthrop landed in Boston and began to 
intrigue to induce as many as possible to migrate to the valley 
of the Connecticut, under control of the Warwick Grant. 

What Were the Three Towns First Settled in Connecticut? 

What was the Nature of the General Court? 

When was the First Written Constitution? 

Upon Whose Ideas was This Based? 

What Were the Principles Outlined in the “Election Sermon” of Thomas Hooker? 

What was the Real Reason Why the Men Came to Connecticut from Massachusetts? 

Who Were the Proprietors of the “Warwick Grant?” 


37 



OUR CITY —Hartford 


His intrigue in Massachusetts was against his own father, 
then governor of the Colony. His success in inducing the men 
to come was due to the fact that the charter of the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony was only for a trading company and could be amended 
or cancelled at any time by the will of Parliament. A famous 
case at law was appealed to the House of Lords of Great Britain 
which decided that the Massachusetts charter was not a political 
but a trading charter. This decision was of great importance, for 
it had within it, the germs of the Revolutionary War. 

Those who came to Connecticut were selected men under 
the influence of Thomas Hooker, William Stone, William 
Goodwin,. John Haynes and Roger Ludlow, all of whom were re¬ 
markable characters. 

Cotton Mather, the great preacher, tells in his “Magnalia’' 
that he thought these men were coming to Connecticut to carry 
out the Massachusetts idea of the union of Church and State. 
It is true that “church-state’' contains part of the idea of the 
men, but only a part. 

Hooker was the thinker of his time, not only in America 
but in Great Britain. He had pondered on the question of gov¬ 
ernment, and the result was his “Election Sermon” written in 
shorthand, and not translated till a hundred years afterwards. 

The Charter Oak also makes Hartford famous in its stand 
for freedom. 

A charter had been given in 1662 to Connecticut by Charles 
H. His successor decided to change the form of ruling the col¬ 
onies in New England, to unite them all under one governor. 
Sir Edmund Andros was sent from England to represent the 
King as governor over New England, and to take back the old 
charters. 

The men of Connecticut voted against such a plan. They 
would submit if they had to, but would not willingly give up 
their charter. Andros wrote to the governor of Connecticut 
saying, “I am commanded by His Majesty to receive in his name 
the surrender of your charter, if tendered by you.” On October 
26, 1687, he set out from Boston and towards night on OctoW 
31st flnished his long journey. Many gathered to receive him. 
He asked for a surrender of the charter as the King had wished. 

What Was the Nature of the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? 

In What Way was the Nature of This Charter OflBcially Determined? 

What was the Importance of this Decision? 

In What Year was a Charter Granted to Connecticut by Charles the Second? 

For What Purpose Did Sir Edmund Andros Come to Hartford? 


38 




OUR CITY —Hartford 


“The charter was brought and laid upon the table. The lights 
were instantly extinguished, and one Captain Wadsworth of 
Hartford in the most silent and secret manner, carried off the 
charter and secreted it in a hollow tree.'' 

This tree became known as the Charter Oak. It stood in 
front of the Wyllys place until blown down in 1856, but a scion 
was planted in Bushnell Park, as a reminder to the people of 
Hartford that the great oak stood for defense of freedom and 
liberty. 

The straggling settlement of 1,200 people in the time of 
Andros has steadily grown. It has become a city of almost 
150,000, leading the country in its insurance interest, and one 
of the great manufacturing centers. 

It has had many citizens of national fame, Mark Twain, 
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Dudley Warner, Horace Bushnell, 
and has been the birthplace and training city for many others 
who have carried its influence to other cities. 

Bushnell Park is one of the first great parks of the country; 
the work of Gallaudet in starting the schools for the deaf has its 
monument in the asylum which gives its name to Asylum Avenue, 
the first school of its kind in America. 



THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING AT HARTFORD 
The Mayor’s Office is in This Building 
Heads of All City Departments 
City Court; Probate Court 


39 









OUR CITY —Hartford 


GOVERNMENT 

LEGISLATIVE. The Board of Aldermen. 

Two members from each of the ten wards. 

One elected every two years for a term of two years. 

The Mayor, because of his office, is President of the Board 
of Aldermen. 

The work is done through 13 standing committees on the 
most important matters brought before the Board. 

The Aldermen receive no salary. 

Meet twice a month at the Municipal Building, Main Street. 

EXECUTIVE. The Mayor. 

Elected every two years. 

Responsible for the good order and name of the city. 
Appoints, with approval of Aldermen, commissioners to care 
for the city departments. 

Elected officials, term two years: 

Clerk, keeps city records. 

Treasurer, has charge of city money. 

Collector, collects city taxes. 

Controller, audits city accounts. 

Marshal of the City Court. 

Calls meetings of aldermen and all city meetings. 
Appointed by vote of aldermen: 

Port Warden, term one year. 

Appointed by Mayor with approval of Aldermen: 

Sealer of Weights and Measures, two years. 

Corporation Counsel, term two years. 

Also the Commissioners of the following great depart¬ 
ments ; two appointed each year for three years, one 
from each of the major political parties. 

Police Department. 

Six commissioners whose duties are: 

To appoint a chief of police. 

To appoint members of the police force. 

To have charge of traffic regulations. 

To preserve order. 

Who Makes the Laws for the City of Hartford? 

For What Term is an Alderman Elected? 

Who is Chief Executive of the City? 

For What Term is He Elected? 

How are the City Departments Governed? 

Who Has Charge of the City’s Funds? 

Who Has Charge of the Traffic Regulations of the City? 


40 



OUR CITY — Hartford 



POLICE HEADQUARTERS — MARKET STREET 

Fire Department. 

Six commissioners, whose duties are: 

To appoint chief of fire department. 

To protect city against fires. 

To appoint firemen. 

To care for the properties of the department. 



FIRE ENGINE CO.. No. 3 — MARKET STREET 


Health Department. 

Six commissioners, whose duties are: 

To appoint the superintendent of health. 


Who Appoints the Chief of Police? 

How are the Fire Commissioners Appointed? 

Who Cares for the Properties of the Fire Department? 
Who Appoints the Superintendent of Health? 


41 























OUR CITY —Hartford 


To care for the health of the city. 

To inspect plumbing and tenements and homes. 
To spread an intelligent interest in all that makes 
for the health of the community. 

Charity Department. 

Six commissioners, whose duties are: 

To appoint a superintendent of charity. 

To care for the City Hospital. 

To conduct all charitable work done under city di¬ 
rection and under city control. 

Street Department. 

Six commissioners, whose duties are: 

To appoint a superintendent of streets. 

To care for pavings, lights, removal of ashes and 
garbage. 

To number the houses and to place signs of streets. 

Water Department. 

Six commissioners, whose duties are: 

To appoint manager and engineers. 

To provide the city with pure water for drinking 
and general use, in adequate quantity. 

A. Records and Accounting Department. Headquar¬ 

ters at the Municipal Building. 

B. Operation and Management Department. Pilgard 

Building. 

Engineering Department. 

City Engineer holds ofRce during good behavior. 
Department of Public Buildings. 

Commission, made up of the Mayor, City Tax Collector 
City Treasurer, City Controller. 

Appoints Superintendent of Buildings, 

Cares for 

Municipal Building, Old State House, Old Halls of 
Record, Pope Park Bath, East Side Bath, House of 
Comfort, etc. 

The Parks of Hartford are under the direction of the Park 
Department, operating under its own charter. 


Who Has Charge of Inspecting the Plumbing and Tenements of the City? 
Who Has Charge of the Almshouse? 

What Body Cares for the Removal of Garbage? 

What Body Has Charge of the Numbers on the Houses and the Street Signs? 
What Body Has Charge of the Drinking Water for the City? 

Who Has Control of the Municipal Buildings? of the Public Baths? 


42 



OUR CITY — Hartford 


Park Commission. 

Ten in number, one elected each year for term of 10 
years by the Board itself, confirmed by Board of 
Aldermen. 

Appoint superintendent of parks. 

Care for park properties. 

Provide outdoor recreation. 



BUSHNELL PARK AND THE MEMORIAL ARCH 

The public schools of Hartford are controlled by: 

1. The Board of Education. 

Nine members, three elected each year. (See Town). 
The board has charge of the educational interests of the 
city. 

It administers the laws of the state in relation to schools. 
Fixes the courses of study of all schools. 

Certifies all teachers. 

Maintains evening schools and manual training. 

Provides all text books for all schools, and 
Has such powers as the statutes grant. 



THE HARTFORD PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL 


43 











OUR CITY —Hartford 


2. The District Boards. 

Three members elected annually in each district. 


There 

are nine districts: 

1. 

The first, or Center district. 

2. 

South School District. 

3. 

Second North District. 

4. 

West Middle School District. 

5. 

Arsenal School District. 

6. 

Washington District. 

7. 

Southwest District. 

8. 

Northeast District. 

9. 

Northwest District. 


Each board maintains elementary schools in its district. 

Builds school houses. 

Engages and pays for all teachers in elementary 
work. 

Income is from direct city tax varying from 4 to 5 mills, 
distributed by’ the city according to the ratio 
of attendance in the schools. 

Each district also has the power of taxation if necessary 
to expend more than provided by the city. 


III. JUDICIAL. 

City Court, founded in 1784. 

Recorder, appointed by General Assembly for two years. 

Sessions in Municipal Building. 

Civil actions: Exclusive jurisdiction in all actions 
formerly brought in Hartford before Justices of 
the Peace. In cases with claim more than $100.00 
the cause of action must have arisen within the 
limits of the City of Hartford. 

All matters of summary process and dispossess. 

Police Court. 

2 Judges appointed by General Assembly for two years. 

Sessions held in Police Headquarters Building, Market 
Street, daily. 

What Body Certifies All Teachers? 

How Many School Districts in the City of Hartford? 

How Many Members on the District Boards of Education? 

How Are They Chosen? 

How Are the Schools Maintained? 

Where Are the Sessions of the City Court Held? 

How is the Recorder of the City Court Chosen? 

How Are the Judges of the Police Court Chosen? 


44 



OUR CITY —Hartford 



The Public Library is located in the 
Wadsworth Athenaeum. 

Erected by voluntary contribu¬ 
tions by citizens in 1844. 

Managed by private organiza¬ 
tion. 

City pays for maintenance. 

The Free Legal Aid Bureau. 

Daily at the Municipal Building, 
12 - 1 . 00 . 

Free legal advice given to those 
unable to employ an attorney, 
in all matters except divorce 
and criminal action. 


PUBLIC LIBRARY 
MAIN STREET 

Finances. To meet the expenses of the city government, 
a tax is laid on property in the city as shown by 
tax lists filed in October of each year. Also funds 
are received from the Corporation Stock Tax, 
liquor licenses, etc. 

The chief items of expense are in order— 

Schools: Elementary, High. Street, Fire, Police, 
Charity, Parks, Interest. 


Where Are the Sessions of the Police Court Held? 

Where is the Public Library Located? 

How is the Public Library Managed? 

Who Pays for the Maintenance of the Library? 

From What Office May Free Legal Aid be Received? 

In What Way are the Expenses of the City Government Met? 
What is the Chief Item of Expense of the City Government? 



THE FIRE ALARM SIGNAL 

45 




OUR CITY — Hartford 


RANKS OF CONNECTICUT CITIES. 


Population, . 

Area, . 

Debt, .. 

Valuation,. 

Tax Rate, . 

Budget, (1918) 


Hartford 
150,000 
11,500 acres 
$5,500,000 
$120,000,000 
22 mills 
$4,636,000 


New Haven 
180,000 
14,260 acres 
$4,750,000 
$147,000,000 
20 mills 
$3,900,000 


Bridgeport 
200,000 
9,300 acres 
$8,700,000 
$142,000,000 
20.9 mills 
$4,500,000 


THE NAME 

It was the custom of the early settlers to give to their new 
community the name of some town associated with them in the 
old country. 

Hartford takes its name from Hertford, England, the birth¬ 
place of Samuel Stone one of its pioneers. 

THE SEAL 

The official city seal, adopted 1852, represents a hart crossing 
a stream, a grape-vine branch in the foreground, representing the 
State, and the Eagle as a crest, representing the United States. 
The motto, ‘Tost Nubila Phoebus'' (after the clouds, — the sun) 
is on a scroll beneath. 



FLAG 

There is no official city flag for Hartford. 

How Does Hartford Rank in Population Among the Cities of Connecticut? 
How Did the City of Hartford Receive Its Name? 

What is the Official Seal of the City of Hartford? 

What is the Meaning of the City Motto? 


46 









OUR CITY — Hartford 


PLACES OF INTEREST IN AND NEAR HARTFORD. 

Newgate Prison on the hills of Granby, built over the copper 
mine, used as early as the Revolutionary War. The mine is still 
open for inspection. 

The great elm at Wethersfield, the largest elm in the United 
States. 

The site of the Charter Oak, on Charter Oak Place. 

The home of Mark Twain, 351 Farmington Avenue. 

The home of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Forest Street. 

The home .of Charles Dudley Warner, Forest Street. 

The city parks for which Hartford is famous. 

The public schools. 

Trinity College in the south part of the city. 

Hartford Theological Seminary on Broad Street. 

The American School for the Deaf on Asylum Avenue. 
Wadsworth Athenaeum, on the site where Washington and 
Rochambeau met and planned the campaign of York- 
town. 

Morgan Memorial. Art Museum, 590 Main Street. 

State Library and Supreme Court Building, Capitol Avenue. 

FACTS OF INTEREST. 

1614—Adrian Block, a Dutch sailor, discovers the Connecticut 
River, sailing up as far as the location of Hartford. 

1633—The Dutch from Manhattan establish a trading post with 
the Indians at what is now called “Dutch Point’", near the 
Gas Works. 

1636—Thomas Hooker arrives with his group of settlers at the 
site of Hartford. ^ 

1639—The settlers of Windsor, Wethersfield and Hartford draw 
up “Fundamental Orders”, the first written Constitution. 
1662—The charter granted to Connecticut by Charles H, com¬ 
bining the New Haven and River colonies. 

1087 —Sir Edmond Andros rules over all New England, and the 
charter is hidden in the Charter Oak. 

1704 —Thomas Green opened his printing shop in Hartford, and 
established the Connecticut Courant. 


Where Was Old Newgate Prison Located? 

What College is in the City of Hartford? 

Where is the Hartford Theological Seminary? 

What Dutch Sailor Discovered the Connecticut River? 
How Did “Dutch Point” Receive Its Name? 

When Was the Connecticut Courant Established? 


47 



OUR CJTY — Hartford 


1772—The first stage was run between New York and Boston, 
stopping at Hartford. 

1775—George Washington stops in Hartford on his way to take 
command of the American army at Cambridge. 

1784—Hartford was incorporated as a city, less than 5,000 in¬ 
habitants. 

1830—Whipping as a punishment for stealing was abolished by 
the state. 

1838—Steam railroad opened from New Haven to Meriden; in 
1844 from Hartford to Springfield. 


iJu minuntnuiii niniiiiiniiniinimniiimM 


PARTIES AND CITIZENSHIP 


Political Parties. 

The Constitution itself says nothing of political parties. 
They are essential to the operation of the Government, however. 

All men do not think alike on any one question. Men 
differed on the question of adopting the Constitution. No sooner 
was the Constitution adopted than differences in opinion on all 
matters of importance began to arise. From these differences 
parties were formed, shifting in membership as the great ques¬ 
tions changed. 

There are three main lines of division in considering a 
question: 

1. Between those who are by nature conservative, let 
well enough alone; and the radical, who try new 
ideas willingly. 

2. Between those who would haVe the government do 
all it can, and those who would have it do as little 
as possible. 

3. Between those who object to the spending of money 
and those who would have it spent liberally. 

All shades of opinion exist between the extremes. 

Differences in opinion are wholesome, and the American be¬ 
lieves in deciding all policies by the vote of the 
majority. 


When Was Hartford Incorporated as a City? 

What Does the Constitution Say of Political Parties? 

What is the Basis of the Political Parties ? 

What is the American Attitude Towards Diflfer nces of Opinion in Political Matters? 
What is the Method of Deciding Differences of Politics? 

What are the Two Leading Parties? 

What are the Minor Parties? 


48 




POLITICAL PARTIES AND CITIZENSHIP 


There are two great parties, the Republican and the Demo¬ 
cratic ; besides these there were three minor parties 
in the election of 1916: Socialist, Prohibition, and 
Progressive. 1919 American Labor Party formed. 

The Platform. Each party in convention draws up a state¬ 
ment of its attitude on the important questions of 
the day, made of “planks” on each subject. 

The Campaign. Beginning some weeks before election, each 
party uses all methods for the spread of its doc¬ 
trines, educating through press, printed matter, 
parades, speeches. 

The Ballot. In Hartford the ballot machine is used, models 
being placed on exhibition for instructing those un¬ 
familiar with the method. It insures promptness 
and accuracy in count, and makes fraud impossible. 

Women may vote in Connecticut on school questions; men 
who are citizens and read English may register as 
voters, after one year’s residence in the city. 

To become a voter it is necessary to register the name at 

the office of the Registrar in the Municipal Building. 

NATURALIZATION OF NEW CITIZENS. 

In 1906 Congress passed an acL making uniform rule for the 
naturalization of aliens throughout the country. The Bureau of 
Naturalization, under direction of the Secretary of Labor, has 
charge of all matters of citizenship for the foreign-born. 

The steps in becoming a citizen are as follows: 

1. Make a declaration of intention. “First Papers”. 

He must be 18 years of age at least. 

It may be done at once on entering the country. 

Must take oath as to personal history, and 
intention to give up foreign allegiance. 

Cost one dollar. 

2. Must wait at least two years, not more than seven. 

3. Must take “second papers”, file petition of citizen¬ 

ship. 

Must be in the country five years. 


How Long Must a Man Live in Hartford in Order to Vote? 

Who Makes the Regulations for the Naturalization of Aliens? 

What Department of the National Government Has Charge of Naturalization? 
How Old Must a Man be to Take His First Papers? 

What Length of Time Must Elapse Between the First and Second Papers? 
How Long Must a Man be in the Country to Get Citizen’s Papers? 


49 



POLITICAL PARTIES AND CITIZENSHIP 


Must take two witnesses to court, both citizens 
who have known him to be in the country 
five years. Cost of papers, four dollars. 

4. Must meet the official examiner to answer questions 

on the government and history of the country. 

Notice is sent from the Clerk’s office by card 
making appointment. 

5. Must appear in court with two witnesses. 

Notice is sent by the Clerk’s office when to 
appear. 

It is necessary to be a resident of the state at least one year. 

In case the witnesses live outside the State, a deposition is 
secured upon application to the Clerk’s office. 

All applications for papers and all official business is done at 
the office of the Clerk of the United States District 
Court in the Post Office Building, Room 316. 

For How Long Must an Alien Live in the City to Become a Citizen? 

Where is it Necessary to Register to Become a Voter? 

Where is the Official Headquarters for all Questions Relating to Naturalization? 



TRAFFIC POLICE 


50 









t 



The Pyne Printery 
Hartford, Conn. 



/ 




.K,- 






\ 


M . • i » » ^ s 


) , 


i . 


. i 1 .■ 


i\ ‘ ■' 


ii, • ' 


' ■ 


)'y I 

^■W 
» , - 


• / 


■ \ 


>• ' 


; t,: >• 

• '! • 


•■' ‘s' 


, ■ I 

.. \- 
i , , 


■ I !■ 


(I 

f. 


t 






I > 

N. ■ ■ 






y .•■ 


r - 


- 




; i 


I • 




V 



.. • I '*. 

< , ’• ■ . • 


'■■I - r 
• n 


' 1 ;VI-' 


'7y-^ 

'■ V* 


>»• 


•• • 


IMUIS 816 4 






« r ‘ 1 k "t 

■*' A 

■r\m 


■ V 




m 


<. t 












•' -Wll 


■'v‘€'r;' 






s^i 






:, m 

:' jm 

'■■m 


Si 


a 


it 


■'■'A' 

•' ( .sa; 




,,v 


.‘•’‘.N'i: 


• ■ 1 ••-«> 

■■"-.Aa 




y ‘im 


i 













i 


.- >v/. 


•■"'ll 

. .* "'M 

, i^-V. 

■- •' ‘r'^M 


iVO 








>C( 




v:L<,. 

■. -.‘i 'jt 




r'y. 




• -■■'• '■ I'..:', Tft 

".■''' ■:, .'*1 ‘ 

,Vi\' y>^ 




• •■ . '; . A '•.('*'A-i • .'-'V ’ 

" ■■ '.'/'‘'A 






